Spoken Language and Linguistics

Spoken Language and Linguistics - Tower of Babel
Tower of Babel painting by Pieter Brueghel 1563

Animals communicate with each other in various ways, including sounds, movements, colors, odors, and more. Humans are the only creatures God has created that use spoken language. Many scholars have studied language in the field of linguistics. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist who has been called “the father of modern linguistics.” Chomsky is a controversial figure because of his political and atheistic radicalism, but his credentials in linguistics are widely recognized.

Chomsky insists that the principles of language structure are biologically present in the human brain and are genetically inherited from birth. He believes that knowledge of syntax is at least partially inborn and that children need only learn the specific features of the language they are exposed to in their native culture. Thus, Chomsky maintains that there is an innate linguistic capacity in every human, enabling language-based communication in ways no other creature can.

Some animals, such as parrots, can imitate spoken language, but they are just imitating sounds. They are not capable of understanding syntax or communicating in human language. Dr. Stephen C. Meyer has said, “Every single human language has this complexity and suppleness of expression, all the tenses and the declensions and so forth. This was Chomsky’s mantra: There are technologically primitive cultures, but there are no primitive languages. And how you get from what the primates do to what we do is a complete mystery.”

In Genesis 1:28, we find God telling the first couple to “be fruitful and multiply and fill the Earth.” It seems they failed to do so, since at the time of the flood they were still confined to a limited area of the planet that God covered with water. Then, when Noah’s family emerged from the ark, God repeated his command to “be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” (Genesis 9:1). Again, they failed to do so because they still lived in a limited area, and, working together, they contrived to build a tower to reach heaven against God’s wishes.

It was then that God gave them different languages: “So the Lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth” (Genesis 11:8). They still had that sophisticated inborn language ability, but they could no longer understand one another or work together to accomplish the project they were attempting. That action of God finally caused them to spread over the Earth. In the genealogies of Genesis 10:25, we read an interesting note. It says that in the days of Peleg, “the earth was divided.” Could that refer to the time when the land bridge between Asia and North America became covered with water, so the people who had migrated to the Western Hemisphere could no longer travel back to the east? The land bridge was no longer needed.

Today, of course, we are scattered over the Earth, but our ability to communicate with one another through spoken language has increased to the point where we can instantly talk with people around the world. Even in cases where we don’t speak the same language, computers and even handheld devices can translate our words into another language. We have today the ability to use language to accomplish prideful things, similar to the people in Babel attempting to build the tower. Or we can use our ability to communicate with one another to achieve peace and bring the message of salvation through Jesus Christ to people all over the world. I pray that we will make the right choice.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

References: scienceandculture.com and wikipedia.com

Honeybees Can Count

Honeybees Can Count
Honeybee (Apis mellifera) on Pasqueflower

Yesterday, John Clayton followed up on my earlier post about bees. New research supports the idea that honeybees can count. This is despite the fact that a honeybee’s brain has fewer than one million neurons (compared to a human brain’s 86 billion neurons) and weighs less than one milligram (human brains weigh 1300-1400 grams).

Earlier research indicated that bees could count, add, subtract, and understand the concept of zero, but other scientists were skeptical of that data. The new research, published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, seems to support the earlier findings. Mirko Zanon, a neuroscientist at the University of Trento in Italy, said, “Our results show that [previous] criticism doesn’t hold when you consider the biology of the animal.”

Research showing that honeybees (Apis mellifera) can perform counting tests in the laboratory translates into useful skills in the field. For example, if honeybees can count, then counting flowers or petals could help them find the plants that offer the most nectar.

Processing numerical information by honeybees seems amazing when you consider the size of their brains. Learning the concepts of “greater than” and “less than” can be useful for the bee’s survival. The researchers in their report stated that “when viewed through a lens accounting for bee’s perceptual abilities, their behavioural responses observed in the numerical tasks investigated here are probably guided by actual numerosity rather than special cues.”

Of course, the report credited the numerical ability of honeybees to evolution, but couldn’t it be likely that the Creator placed in the tiny brains of these bees the neurological structure they need to survive?

— Roland Earnst © 2026

References: popsci.com and Proceedings of the Royal Society B

Secrets of the Bees in National Geographic

Secrets of the Bees

On April 28, 2026, Roland Earnst published an article about bees living in an upstate New York cemetery. The May 2026 issue of National Geographic carried an article titled “Secrets of the Bees,” which complements Roland’s article in several ways.

The complexity of hives is the first point. Bees design their hives to suit the climate where they live. Many have nests below ground, with some bees excavating as deep as three feet. A typical nest will have a vertical burrow with tunnels leading to areas waterproofed with glandular secretions, floral oils, or plant materials. The larvae develop in areas called brood cells, which are stocked with food. In dry areas, a bee called “Ulke’s Pebble Bee” will gather pebbles and bind them together with a mixture of saliva and mud, or resin if these materials are not available.

A second point in the National Geographic article that complements Roland’s article is that bees can learn. Bumblebees can learn to associate certain colors with rewards. Researchers have found that bees can look at a new landscape and navigate around the changes. In other words, bees are not robots that can be stopped by changing the landscape.

A third area of interest is that bees can figure out the most efficient way to reach a flower in a field, allowing them to maximize nectar gain. In describing “Secrets of the Bees,” the National Geographic writers use words like “hidden genius,” “brightest thinkers,” and “remarkable ways” to explain what bees can do. These are words that describe properties God would have given the bees, not accidents of chance. We still have a lot to learn from the smallest of God’s creatures.

— John N. Clayton © 2026

Reference: “Secrets of the bees: Revealing the sneaky genius of nature’s brightest thinkers” in National Geographic, May 2026

Cleanliness on the International Space Station

Cleanliness on the International Space Station
International Space Station

Keeping your house clean can be challenging. Consider what it would be like to have several people confined to a small space on the International Space Station (ISS). You might think that keeping that environment perfectly clean and sterile would ensure the astronauts’ health. That is not necessarily the case. Excessive cleanliness on the International Space Station may cause health problems.

According to a new study, the ISS may be more sterile than it should be. Microbes can be beneficial to our health, and research indicates that low microbial diversity on the ISS may be contributing to immune dysfunction, skin rashes, and other inflammatory issues. The new study suggests that introducing more Earth microbes may help prevent astronaut health problems.

For the study, astronauts were asked to swab 803 surfaces on the ISS and return the samples to Earth for analysis. The returned samples contained chemicals from cleaning products and disinfectants, as well as microbes. Researchers examined how the bacteria and chemicals interacted. Particularly important were the dining, food-prep, and toilet areas.

Microbes in our natural Earth environments may help strengthen our health and resistance to infections and skin problems. We have millions of microbes on our skin and in our gut that are not harmful and actually help us digest our food and fight diseases. While on Earth, we have beneficial microbes all around us, but excessive cleanliness on the International Space Station may not be entirely positive. The researchers suggested introducing microbes from Earth to give a more natural balance without posing any health risks to the astronauts.

Sanitized living spaces may not be as healthy as we think. There are far more microbes on planet Earth than there are people, and we can be thankful that God has placed them here for the benefit of life.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

Reference: Discovermagazine.com

A Natural Tendency to See Design and Purpose

A Natural Tendency to See Design and Purpose

Yesterday, we looked at a study showing that people worldwide, across various cultures, have a natural tendency to believe in God and an afterlife. Today, I want to look at a Boston University study showing that both adults and children have a natural tendency to see design and purpose in nature.

The project tested scientists at research universities such as Harvard, Yale, and MIT. It also included two control groups. One group included people with bachelor’s degrees who were about the same age as the scientists. A second control group included undergraduates. The goal was to see whether the scientists had been sufficiently trained not to see purpose or design in the natural world. 

The groups were given a list of 100 statements about why things happen and asked to agree or disagree. Some of the statements showed intelligent purpose, such as “Children wear mittens in the winter to keep their hands warm.” Mixed in with those statements were others that indicated purpose in natural things, such as “The Earth has an ozone layer to protect it from UV light.” Of course, the scientists were not expected to see purpose or design in nature, so they were expected to disagree with the purpose statements concerning natural events or objects.

The research showed that the trained veteran scientists were less likely than the control groups to find purposeful reasons for natural events or objects. They had been trained not to see purpose or design in nature, while they could see purpose in human choices or actions. However, when the scientists were put under severe time constraints, not giving them time to carefully consider their answers, they often said that natural relationships had a purpose.

The scientists’ answers under time pressure showed that they had maintained a natural tendency to see design and purpose in nature. In other words, they had to take a moment to suppress that tendency because a purpose or design in natural things would indicate the existence of a purposeful Designer. That concept is not acceptable in modern science.

This research shows that even trained scientists have a natural tendency to see design and purpose in natural events and objects. Evolutionary biologist and atheist Richard Dawkins, writing in his book Climbing Mount Improbable, told about a time when he was driving through the countryside with his six-year-old daughter. The girl was excited about seeing “pretty” wildflowers. Dawkins asked his daughter what she thought was the purpose of wildflowers. She replied, “To make the world pretty, and to help the bees make honey for us.” Dawkins said he was sorry that he “had to tell her that it wasn’t true.” According to Dawkins, biology is the study of things that appear to be designed for a purpose, but his atheism forces him to argue that there is no purpose.

Thinking there is no purpose in nature leads to the idea that there is no purpose in our existence. Many young people who see no purpose in their lives waste their lives seeking pleasure or end their lives. Seeing no God, no design, and no purpose leads to no hope.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

Reference: “The Natural Design Default” by Art Lahnke in Bostonia, winter-spring 2013

A Natural Tendency to Believe in God

A Natural Tendency to Believe in God

An international research project found that humans have a natural tendency to believe in God. Directed by academics at the University of Oxford, the project involved 57 researchers examining diverse cultures across 20 countries. The project was not intended to prove or disprove the existence of God but to determine whether the concept of God, or gods, is learned or a basic aspect of human nature.

The studies were conducted in both traditionally religious countries and atheist societies. Among the findings were that children as young as age three believed in “all-seeing, all-knowing supernatural agents.” It seems normal for a child to have a natural tendency to believe in God, but atheism must be taught. The research also indicated that adults instinctively believe that some part of their mind, soul, or spirit lives on after death. In other words, people find it natural to believe in the separation of the mind and the body. Project director Dr. Justin Barrett of Oxford University said, “Interestingly, we found that religion is less likely to thrive in populations living in cities in developed nations…”

Project co-director Robert Trigg said, “We have gathered a body of evidence that suggests that religion is a common fact of human nature across different societies. This suggests that attempts to suppress religion are likely to be short-lived as human thought seems to be rooted to religious concepts…” Why would people want to “suppress religion,” or a natural tendency to believe in God? That question is especially significant since the research also found, not surprisingly, that people with religious ties are more likely to cooperate in societies.

This research project was conducted over three years, and the results were published in 2011. Despite the years that have passed, I suspect the results would still be the same today. The bottom line is that people everywhere naturally believe in God and in an afterlife. They have to be convinced otherwise. Are most members of the human race confused and wrong, or is there an inherent truth behind that belief? “He (God) has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the human heart; yet no one can fathom what God has done from beginning to end” (Ecclesiastes 3:11 NIV).

— Roland Earnst © 2026

Reference: phys.org

Underground Bees in a Cemetery

Underground Bees
Miner bee Andrena nycthemera

A cemetery in Ithaca, New York, not only has a large number of graves but also an even greater number of bees. Researchers estimate there are perhaps 5.6 million underground bees in that plot of land. It is the largest known aggregation of ground-nesting solitary bees, known as miner bees or mining bees, in the family Andrenidae.

The Andrenidae family of bees consists of more than 1300 species. They don’t build hives, and they don’t swarm. They are solitary bees that live out their lives, build their nests, and raise their young underground. The species of bees that have found a home in the Ithaca cemetery is Andrena regularis. This particular species pollinates crops such as apples and blueberries.

Bees in the Andrenidae family of underground bees are designed to carry pollen on their legs. Various species within this family tend to pollinate specific plant species. We often think of honeybees as essential pollinators, but we tend not to think about or even know about the bees that don’t make honey but are still important pollinators

These underground bees emerge for a short period in the spring and do their pollination work. As temperatures get warmer, they go back underground. Because of the pollen-carrying features of these solitary bees, they can deposit more pollen than individual honey bees. This cemetery discovery is unusual because of how many of them are concentrated in one area. Researchers estimate that there are more than 800 bees per square meter.

God’s amazing web of life is often overlooked because many creatures are largely out of sight and therefore out of mind. These underground bees remind us that there is a lot of life underground, even in a cemetery.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

Reference: Discovermagazine.com

The Smartest Nonhuman Animals

The Smartest Nonhuman Animals
New Caledonian Crow (Corvus moneduloides)

What are the smartest nonhuman animals? You might immediately think of chimpanzees. Why not? Chimps are widely thought to be closest to humans on the evolutionary ladder. However, as we’ve noted before, the similarity between chimps and humans has been highly exaggerated, and it’s becoming clearer that there are more genetic differences between us and chimps.

It may seem surprising, but repeated studies have shown that the smartest nonhuman animals are New Caledonian crows and ravens, meaning they are closest to humans in intellectual ability. Nobody puts crows and ravens in an evolutionary line with human beings, but they have demonstrated their ability to outperform monkeys by retrieving food from a tube accessible from only one end. They can also work out a plan to use one tool to obtain a second tool, which they can use to retrieve food. That’s something monkeys and apes have difficulty doing. There is a YouTube video showing a crow going through eight individual steps to obtain the food it wants.

The ability of New Caledonian crows and ravens to manufacture and use tools and to solve problems with tools greatly exceeds that of chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas. What do these birds have that the apes don’t have? The birds have larger forebrains, cerebrums, perineuronal glial clusters, and hippocampi relative to their body size, as humans do. Unlike humans and the great apes, crows and ravens lack a cerebral cortex.

In trying to establish an evolutionary line leading to human beings, we must consider why these birds have brain features humans have, even though the creatures supposedly closest to humans on the evolutionary ladder don’t have them. Perhaps the story is not a common ancestry but a common Designer. When we try to determine the smartest nonhuman animals, maybe we need to consider whether humans are smart enough to realize that evolution doesn’t tell the whole story.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

Reference: Hugh Ross, Rescuing Inerrancy, RTB Press, © 2023, page 183

Two Views of the Universe

Two Views of the Universe - Earthset
Earthset photographed by Christina Koch on Artemis 2 Mission

Prominent atheists recently became upset by Victor Glover’s words aboard Artemis 2 during its history-making trip around the Moon. Some even expressed concern about the “separation of church and space.” We have written before about Victor Glover and his status as a Bible-believing Christian. When he spoke from space, he seemed to receive approval from the other astronauts, but not from atheists on the ground. We see the contrast between the two views of the universe.

Some of Glover’s words that apparently upset atheists include, “You’re on a spaceship called Earth that was created to give us a place to live in the universe…You are special. In all of this emptiness, this is a whole bunch of nothing, this thing we call the universe, you have this oasis, this beautiful place that we get to exist together…” Why should those words distress anyone?

Historically, many early scientists explored creation because they believed in an orderly universe created by an intelligent God. Many astronauts have said that being in space gave them a spiritual experience as they realized that Earth reveals design and purpose. I remember watching the Apollo 8 crew read from the book of Genesis on Christmas Day in 1968 as they traveled around the Moon. Our present NASA administrator, Jared Isaacman, said that his time in space convinced him that “the heavens declare the glory of God.”

Many leading science popularizers have tried to tell us that science destroys Christian belief. Richard Dawkins, Bill Nye, Michael Shermer, Lawrence Krauss, and others have written popular books arguing that science makes belief in God unnecessary and implausible. The two views of the universe can’t both be correct. The truth is that scientific discoveries continue to support belief in God and challenge the atheist concept.

Years ago, Carl Sagan said that Earth is such a tiny dot in the universe that it shows we have no privileged position in the cosmos. Victor Glover said that we are not a lonely cosmic accident, but instead, we are loved. On April 30, 2026, the movie “The Story of Everything” will open in select theaters nationwide. It will compare the two views of the universe—the atheist view and the biblical view that God designed and created all things and that He loves us. I think the movie will show that God’s story is the best and that it is actually supported by science.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

References: scienceandculture.com HERE and HERE. You can see Victor Glover’s statement from space HERE. Click HERE for more information about “The Story of Everything.”

The Strongest Evidence for an Intelligent Creator

The Strongest Evidence for an Intelligent Creator - Human Body

What is the strongest evidence for an intelligent Creator? That is an interesting question. Sarah Salviander, an astrophysicist, suggests that biology offers more convincing evidence than her field of astrophysics. She said, “The incredible machinery of a living cell is far more complex than the structure of an entire Galaxy of stars.” On the other hand, the late atheist critic Christopher Hitchens once said that atheists find the “fine-tuning” of the universe to be “one of the most intriguing” arguments for intelligent design. I think that biology and cosmology together make a strong case for God’s existence.

We have discussed the evidence for a Creator based on the fine-tuning of the universe. Many scientists believe the fine-tuning argument is very strong, as it seems to be the primary basis for postulating multiple universes. We must acknowledge that the evidence shows this universe has been fine-tuned from the very beginning to make it possible for life, including human life, to exist and prosper. Is that fine-tuning the strongest evidence for an intelligent Creator? Since scientists have not been able to explain it, unbelievers advance the unproven and unprovable idea that there are countless universes, and we just happen to live in the one that’s fine-tuned for life.

However, when we look at the evidence for design in living things, especially in the human body, we are in awe. As Dr. Salviander said, the incredible machinery of a living cell is far more complex than an entire Galaxy of stars. Another advantage that biology has over cosmology as the strongest evidence for an intelligent Creator is that we can see it in real time. To see the evidence for design in the fine-tuning of the universe, we must look back in time, but evidence for design in life is all around us right now. The information in DNA shows that life could not have happened by chance, since information comes only from an intelligent source.

In addition, we see beauty in living things and in the physical creation. Chance would create chaos rather than beauty. The psalmist David, who did not know about the fine-tuning of the universe, was in awe of the majesty and beauty in the night sky. (See Psalms 8 and 19:1-6.) The psalmist was also in awe of his own physical body, realizing that God had created him in his mother’s womb. He was awestruck by that, despite having no idea about DNA or the amazing structures within the cells of our bodies. (See Psalms 139:14-16.) Interestingly, Charles Darwin thought that cells were nothing but globs of protoplasm, and he had no idea of the remarkable machines working within every cell or of the DNA that gives instructions for the assembly of proteins to do those jobs.

The bottom line is that, regardless of what you think is the strongest evidence for an intelligent Creator, there is massive and growing evidence that we can’t ignore.

— Roland Earnst © 2026

P.S. A new movie, “The Story of Everything,” is coming to select theaters around the country on April 30, 2026. In it, many experts examine two possible stories. Does the universe and life lack purpose and design, or do they show the purpose and intelligence of a divine Creator? I encourage our readers to see this film if it comes to your local theater. Does the fine-tuned cosmos or design and purpose in life provide the strongest evidence for an intelligent Creator? I encourage you to examine the evidence and decide for yourself.

DOES GOD EXIST? TODAY

Evidence for God In the Things He Has Made

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